Sandsynligvis er den enkleste og mest almindelige SQL-implementering af et træ en selvrefererende tabel, f.eks.:
create table tree(
id int primary key,
parent int references tree(id));
insert into tree values
(1, null),
(2, 1),
(3, 1),
(4, 2),
(5, 4);
Du kan gå i træet fra top til bund med en rekursiv forespørgsel som denne:
with recursive top_down as (
select id, parent, array[id] as path
from tree
where parent is null
union all
select t.id, t.parent, path || t.id
from tree t
join top_down r on t.parent = r.id
)
select *
from top_down;
id | parent | path
----+--------+-----------
1 | | {1}
2 | 1 | {1,2}
3 | 1 | {1,3}
4 | 2 | {1,2,4}
5 | 4 | {1,2,4,5}
(5 rows)
Se også dette svar for et bottom-up eksempel.
Integritet
Du kan ikke fjerne en node, der er forælder til en anden. Fremmednøglen forhindrer træet i at blive opdelt i separate dele:
delete from tree
where id = 2;
ERROR: update or delete on table "tree" violates foreign key constraint "tree_parent_fkey" on table "tree"
DETAIL: Key (id)=(2) is still referenced from table "tree".
Du kan eventuelt sikre, at træet kun har én rod ved hjælp af et delvist unikt indeks:
create unique index tree_one_root_idx on tree ((parent is null)) where parent is null;
insert into tree
values(6, null);
ERROR: duplicate key value violates unique constraint "tree_one_root_idx"
DETAIL: Key ((parent IS NULL))=(t) already exists.
Cykler
Du kan eliminere muligheden for at gå ind i cyklusser ved hjælp af en trigger. Funktionen kontrollerer, om en af forfædrene til en indsat eller opdateret node kunne være selve noden:
create or replace function before_insert_or_update_on_tree()
returns trigger language plpgsql as $$
declare rec record;
begin
if exists(
with recursive bottom_up as (
select new.id, new.parent, array[]::int[] as path, false as cycle
union all
select r.id, t.parent, path || t.id, new.id = any(path)
from tree t
join bottom_up r on r.parent = t.id and not cycle
)
select *
from bottom_up
where cycle or (id = parent))
then raise exception 'Cycle detected on node %.', new.id;
end if;
return new;
end $$;
create trigger before_insert_or_update_on_tree
before insert or update on tree
for each row execute procedure before_insert_or_update_on_tree();
Tjek:
insert into tree values (6, 7), (7, 6);
ERROR: Cycle detected on node 7.
update tree
set parent = 4
where id = 2;
ERROR: Cycle detected on node 2.