Jeg tror, du ønsker, at den indre underforespørgsel kun skal aggregeres efter kunde, ikke efter kunde og dato:
select t1.*,
@rownum := @rownum + 1 AS RANK
from (select CUST, SUM(POLL) as SCORE
from TABLE
where EVE_DATE >= '2016-01-01' and EVE_DATE <= '2016-01-31'
group by CUST
order by SCORE desc
) t1 cross join
(SELECT @rownum := 0) r
order by RANK DESC;