ClusterControl kan bruges til at implementere højt tilgængelige replikeringsopsætninger. Det understøtter switchover og failover for GTID-baserede MySQL- eller MariaDB-replikeringsopsætninger. ClusterControl kan implementere forskellige typer proxyer til trafikrouting:ProxySQL, HAProxy og MaxScale. Disse er integreret til at håndtere topologiændringer relateret til failovers eller switchovers. I dette blogindlæg tager vi et kig på, hvordan dette fungerer, og hvad du kan forvente af hver af proxyerne.
Lad os først gennemgå nogle definitioner og terminologi. ClusterControl kan konfigureres til at udføre en gendannelse af en mislykket replikeringsmaster - den kan fremme en slave til at blive den nye master, foretage eventuelle nødvendige topologiændringer og gendanne hele opsætningens evne til at acceptere skrivninger. Dette er, hvad vi vil kalde en "failover". ClusterControl kan også udføre en master switch - nogle gange er det nødvendigt at ændre en master. Typisk scenarie vil være en tung skemaændring, som skal udføres på en rullende måde. Mod slutningen af proceduren skal du promovere en af slaverne, som allerede har ændringen anvendt, før du udfører ændringen på den gamle master.
Den største forskel mellem "failover" og "switchover" er, at failover per definition er en nødsituation, hvor masteren allerede er utilgængelig. På den anden side er omstilling en mere kontrollerbar proces, som ClusterControl har fuld kontrol over. Hvis vi taler om failover, er der ingen måde at håndtere det med ynde, da applikationen allerede har mistet forbindelser på grund af masternedbrud. Som sådan, uanset hvilken proxy du vil bruge, vil applikationen altid skulle oprette forbindelse igen.
Så applikationer skal være i stand til at håndtere transaktionsfejl og prøve dem igen. Den anden vigtige ting, når man taler om failover, er proxyens evne til at kontrollere databaseservernes tilstand. Uden sundhedstjek kan proxy'en ikke kende status for serveren og kan derfor ikke beslutte at failover-trafik. ClusterControl konfigurerer automatisk disse sundhedstjek, når proxyen implementeres.
Failover
ProxySQL
Lad os tage et kig på, hvordan failover kan se ud fra applikationssynspunktet. Vi vil først oprette forbindelse til databasen ved hjælp af ProxySQL version 1.4.6.
[email protected]:~# while true ;do time sysbench /root/sysbench/src/lua/oltp_read_write.lua --threads=4 --max-requests=0 --time=3600 --mysql-host=10.0.0.105 --mysql-user=sbtest --mysql-password=pass --mysql-port=6033 --tables=32 --report-interval=1 --skip-trx=on --table-size=10000 --db-ps-mode=disable run ; done
sysbench 1.1.0-651e7fd (using bundled LuaJIT 2.1.0-beta3)
Running the test with following options:
Number of threads: 4
Report intermediate results every 1 second(s)
Initializing random number generator from current time
Initializing worker threads...
Threads started!
[ 1s ] thds: 4 tps: 29.51 qps: 585.28 (r/w/o: 465.27/120.01/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 196.89 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 2s ] thds: 4 tps: 44.61 qps: 784.77 (r/w/o: 603.28/181.49/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 116.80 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 3s ] thds: 4 tps: 46.98 qps: 829.66 (r/w/o: 646.74/182.93/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 121.08 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 4s ] thds: 4 tps: 49.04 qps: 886.64 (r/w/o: 690.50/195.14/1.00) lat (ms,95%): 112.67 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 5s ] thds: 4 tps: 47.98 qps: 887.64 (r/w/o: 689.72/197.92/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 106.75 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
FATAL: mysql_drv_query() returned error 2013 (Lost connection to MySQL server during query) for query 'UPDATE sbtest8 SET k=k+1 WHERE id=5019'
FATAL: `thread_run' function failed: /usr/local/share/sysbench/oltp_common.lua:461: SQL error, errno = 2013, state = 'HY000': Lost connection to MySQL server during query
FATAL: mysql_drv_query() returned error 2013 (Lost connection to MySQL server during query) for query 'DELETE FROM sbtest6 WHERE id=4957'
FATAL: `thread_run' function failed: /usr/local/share/sysbench/oltp_common.lua:490: SQL error, errno = 2013, state = 'HY000': Lost connection to MySQL server during query
FATAL: mysql_drv_query() returned error 2013 (Lost connection to MySQL server during query) for query 'SELECT SUM(k) FROM sbtest23 WHERE id BETWEEN 4986 AND 5085'
FATAL: `thread_run' function failed: /usr/local/share/sysbench/oltp_common.lua:435: SQL error, errno = 2013, state = 'HY000': Lost connection to MySQL server during query
FATAL: mysql_drv_query() returned error 2013 (Lost connection to MySQL server during query) for query 'DELETE FROM sbtest21 WHERE id=5218'
FATAL: `thread_run' function failed: /usr/local/share/sysbench/oltp_common.lua:490: SQL error, errno = 2013, state = 'HY000': Lost connection to MySQL server during query
real 0m5.903s
user 0m0.092s
sys 0m1.252s
sysbench 1.1.0-651e7fd (using bundled LuaJIT 2.1.0-beta3)
Running the test with following options:
Number of threads: 4
Report intermediate results every 1 second(s)
Initializing random number generator from current time
Initializing worker threads...
FATAL: unable to connect to MySQL server on host '10.0.0.105', port 6033, aborting...
FATAL: error 2003: Can't connect to MySQL server on '10.0.0.105' (111)
FATAL: `thread_init' function failed: /usr/local/share/sysbench/oltp_common.lua:352: connection creation failed
FATAL: unable to connect to MySQL server on host '10.0.0.105', port 6033, aborting...
FATAL: error 2003: Can't connect to MySQL server on '10.0.0.105' (111)
FATAL: `thread_init' function failed: /usr/local/share/sysbench/oltp_common.lua:352: connection creation failed
FATAL: unable to connect to MySQL server on host '10.0.0.105', port 6033, aborting...
FATAL: error 2003: Can't connect to MySQL server on '10.0.0.105' (111)
FATAL: `thread_init' function failed: /usr/local/share/sysbench/oltp_common.lua:352: connection creation failed
FATAL: unable to connect to MySQL server on host '10.0.0.105', port 6033, aborting...
FATAL: error 2003: Can't connect to MySQL server on '10.0.0.105' (111)
FATAL: `thread_init' function failed: /usr/local/share/sysbench/oltp_common.lua:352: connection creation failed
FATAL: Threads initialization failed!
real 0m0.021s
user 0m0.012s
sys 0m0.000s
sysbench 1.1.0-651e7fd (using bundled LuaJIT 2.1.0-beta3)
Running the test with following options:
Number of threads: 4
Report intermediate results every 1 second(s)
Initializing random number generator from current time
Initializing worker threads...
Threads started!
[ 1s ] thds: 4 tps: 0.00 qps: 55.81 (r/w/o: 55.81/0.00/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 0.00 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 2s ] thds: 4 tps: 0.00 qps: 0.00 (r/w/o: 0.00/0.00/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 0.00 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 3s ] thds: 4 tps: 0.00 qps: 0.00 (r/w/o: 0.00/0.00/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 0.00 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 4s ] thds: 4 tps: 0.00 qps: 0.00 (r/w/o: 0.00/0.00/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 0.00 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 5s ] thds: 4 tps: 0.00 qps: 0.00 (r/w/o: 0.00/0.00/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 0.00 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 6s ] thds: 4 tps: 0.00 qps: 0.00 (r/w/o: 0.00/0.00/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 0.00 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 7s ] thds: 4 tps: 0.00 qps: 0.00 (r/w/o: 0.00/0.00/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 0.00 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 8s ] thds: 4 tps: 0.00 qps: 0.00 (r/w/o: 0.00/0.00/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 0.00 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 9s ] thds: 4 tps: 0.00 qps: 0.00 (r/w/o: 0.00/0.00/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 0.00 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 10s ] thds: 4 tps: 0.00 qps: 3.00 (r/w/o: 0.00/3.00/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 0.00 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 11s ] thds: 4 tps: 58.99 qps: 1026.91 (r/w/o: 792.93/233.98/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 9977.52 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00Som vi kan se fra ovenstående, blev den nye master tilgængelig inden for ~11 sekunder efter nedbruddet. I løbet af denne tid forfremmede ClusterControl en af slaverne til at blive en ny mester, og den blev tilgængelig for skrivninger.
HAProxy
Nedenfor er et uddrag fra output fra vores sysbench-applikation, da failover skete, mens vi oprettede forbindelse via HAProxy. HAProxy blev implementeret med version 1.5.14.
[email protected]:~# while true ;do date ; time sysbench /root/sysbench/src/lua/oltp_read_write.lua --threads=4 --max-requests=0 --time=3600 --mysql-host=10.0.0.105 --mysql-user=sbtest --mysql-password=pass --mysql-port=3307 --tables=32 --report-interval=1 --skip-trx=on --table-size=10000 --db-ps-mode=disable run ; done
Mon Mar 26 13:24:36 UTC 2018
sysbench 1.1.0-651e7fd (using bundled LuaJIT 2.1.0-beta3)
Running the test with following options:
Number of threads: 4
Report intermediate results every 1 second(s)
Initializing random number generator from current time
Initializing worker threads...
Threads started!
[ 1s ] thds: 4 tps: 38.62 qps: 748.66 (r/w/o: 591.21/157.46/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 204.11 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 2s ] thds: 4 tps: 45.25 qps: 797.34 (r/w/o: 619.37/177.97/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 142.39 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 3s ] thds: 4 tps: 46.04 qps: 833.66 (r/w/o: 647.51/186.15/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 155.80 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 4s ] thds: 4 tps: 38.03 qps: 698.50 (r/w/o: 548.39/150.11/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 161.51 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
FATAL: mysql_drv_query() returned error 2013 (Lost connection to MySQL server during query) for query 'INSERT INTO sbtest26 (id, k, c, pad) VALUES (5019, 4641, '59053342586-08172779908-92479743240-43242105725-10632773383-95161136797-93281862044-04686210438-11173993922-29424780352', '31974441818-04649488782-29232641118-20479872868-43849012112')'
FATAL: `thread_run' function failed: /usr/local/share/sysbench/oltp_common.lua:491: SQL error, errno = 2013, state = 'HY000': Lost connection to MySQL server during query
FATAL: mysql_drv_query() returned error 2013 (Lost connection to MySQL server during query) for query 'INSERT INTO sbtest5 (id, k, c, pad) VALUES (4990, 5016, '24532768797-67997552950-32933774735-28931955363-94029987812-56997738696-36504817596-46223378508-29593036153-06914757723', '96663311222-58437606902-85941187037-63300736065-65139798452')'
FATAL: `thread_run' function failed: /usr/local/share/sysbench/oltp_common.lua:491: SQL error, errno = 2013, state = 'HY000': Lost connection to MySQL server during query
FATAL: mysql_drv_query() returned error 2013 (Lost connection to MySQL server during query) for query 'DELETE FROM sbtest25 WHERE id=4996'
FATAL: `thread_run' function failed: /usr/local/share/sysbench/oltp_common.lua:490: SQL error, errno = 2013, state = 'HY000': Lost connection to MySQL server during query
FATAL: mysql_drv_query() returned error 2013 (Lost connection to MySQL server during query) for query 'UPDATE sbtest16 SET k=k+1 WHERE id=5269'
FATAL: `thread_run' function failed: /usr/local/share/sysbench/oltp_common.lua:461: SQL error, errno = 2013, state = 'HY000': Lost connection to MySQL server during query
real 0m4.270s
user 0m0.068s
sys 0m0.928s
...
Mon Mar 26 13:24:47 UTC 2018
sysbench 1.1.0-651e7fd (using bundled LuaJIT 2.1.0-beta3)
Running the test with following options:
Number of threads: 4
Report intermediate results every 1 second(s)
Initializing random number generator from current time
Initializing worker threads...
FATAL: unable to connect to MySQL server on host '10.0.0.105', port 3307, aborting...
FATAL: error 2013: Lost connection to MySQL server at 'reading initial communication packet', system error: 0
FATAL: `thread_init' function failed: /usr/local/share/sysbench/oltp_common.lua:352: connection creation failed
FATAL: unable to connect to MySQL server on host '10.0.0.105', port 3307, aborting...
FATAL: error 2013: Lost connection to MySQL server at 'reading initial communication packet', system error: 2
FATAL: `thread_init' function failed: /usr/local/share/sysbench/oltp_common.lua:352: connection creation failed
FATAL: unable to connect to MySQL server on host '10.0.0.105', port 3307, aborting...
FATAL: error 2013: Lost connection to MySQL server at 'reading initial communication packet', system error: 2
FATAL: `thread_init' function failed: /usr/local/share/sysbench/oltp_common.lua:352: connection creation failed
FATAL: unable to connect to MySQL server on host '10.0.0.105', port 3307, aborting...
FATAL: error 2013: Lost connection to MySQL server at 'reading initial communication packet', system error: 2
FATAL: `thread_init' function failed: /usr/local/share/sysbench/oltp_common.lua:352: connection creation failed
FATAL: Threads initialization failed!
real 0m0.036s
user 0m0.004s
sys 0m0.008s
...
Mon Mar 26 13:25:03 UTC 2018
sysbench 1.1.0-651e7fd (using bundled LuaJIT 2.1.0-beta3)
Running the test with following options:
Number of threads: 4
Report intermediate results every 1 second(s)
Initializing random number generator from current time
Initializing worker threads...
Threads started!
[ 1s ] thds: 4 tps: 50.58 qps: 917.42 (r/w/o: 715.10/202.33/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 153.02 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 2s ] thds: 4 tps: 50.17 qps: 956.33 (r/w/o: 749.61/205.72/1.00) lat (ms,95%): 121.08 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00I alt tog processen 12 sekunder.
MaxScale
Lad os tage et kig på, hvordan MaxScale håndterer failover. Vi bruger MaxScale med version 2.1.9.
[email protected]:~# while true ; do date ; time sysbench /root/sysbench/src/lua/oltp_read_write.lua --threads=4 --max-requests=0 --time=3600 --mysql-host=10.0.0.106 --mysql-user=myuser --mysql-password=pass --mysql-port=4008 --tables=32 --report-interval=1 --skip-trx=on --table-size=100000 --db-ps-mode=disable run ; done
Mon Mar 26 15:16:34 UTC 2018
sysbench 1.1.0-651e7fd (using bundled LuaJIT 2.1.0-beta3)
Running the test with following options:
Number of threads: 4
Report intermediate results every 1 second(s)
Initializing random number generator from current time
Initializing worker threads...
Threads started!
[ 1s ] thds: 4 tps: 34.82 qps: 658.54 (r/w/o: 519.27/125.34/13.93) lat (ms,95%): 137.35 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 2s ] thds: 4 tps: 35.01 qps: 655.23 (r/w/o: 513.18/142.05/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 207.82 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 3s ] thds: 4 tps: 39.01 qps: 696.16 (r/w/o: 542.13/154.04/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 139.85 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 4s ] thds: 4 tps: 40.91 qps: 724.41 (r/w/o: 557.77/166.63/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 125.52 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
FATAL: mysql_drv_query() returned error 1053 (Server shutdown in progress) for query 'UPDATE sbtest28 SET k=k+1 WHERE id=49992'
FATAL: `thread_run' function failed: /usr/local/share/sysbench/oltp_common.lua:461: SQL error, errno = 1053, state = '08S01': Server shutdown in progress
FATAL: mysql_drv_query() returned error 1053 (Server shutdown in progress) for query 'UPDATE sbtest14 SET k=k+1 WHERE id=59650'
FATAL: `thread_run' function failed: /usr/local/share/sysbench/oltp_common.lua:461: SQL error, errno = 1053, state = '08S01': Server shutdown in progress
FATAL: mysql_drv_query() returned error 1053 (Server shutdown in progress) for query 'UPDATE sbtest12 SET k=k+1 WHERE id=50288'
FATAL: `thread_run' function failed: /usr/local/share/sysbench/oltp_common.lua:461: SQL error, errno = 1053, state = '08S01': Server shutdown in progress
FATAL: mysql_drv_query() returned error 1053 (Server shutdown in progress) for query 'UPDATE sbtest25 SET k=k+1 WHERE id=50105'
FATAL: `thread_run' function failed: /usr/local/share/sysbench/oltp_common.lua:461: SQL error, errno = 1053, state = '08S01': Server shutdown in progress
real 0m5.043s
user 0m0.080s
sys 0m1.044s
Mon Mar 26 15:16:53 UTC 2018
sysbench 1.1.0-651e7fd (using bundled LuaJIT 2.1.0-beta3)
Running the test with following options:
Number of threads: 4
Report intermediate results every 1 second(s)
Initializing random number generator from current time
Initializing worker threads...
Threads started!
[ 1s ] thds: 4 tps: 46.82 qps: 905.61 (r/w/o: 710.34/195.27/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 101.13 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00Oversigt over fejl
Det er vigtigt at præcisere, at dette ikke er et videnskabeligt benchmark - det meste af tiden bruges af ClusterControl til at udføre failover. Proxyer behøver typisk højst et par sekunder for at registrere topologiændringen. Vi brugte sysbench som vores applikation. Det blev konfigureret til at køre auto-committede transaktioner, så hverken eksplicitte transaktioner eller forberedte erklæringer er blevet brugt. Sysbenchs læse/skrive arbejdsbyrde er ret hurtig. Hvis du har langvarige transaktioner eller forespørgsler, vil failover-ydeevnen være anderledes. Du kan se vores scenarie som et bedste tilfælde.
Skift
Som vi nævnte tidligere, har ClusterControl mere kontrol over masteren, når du udfører en overgang. Under nogle omstændigheder (som ingen transaktioner, ingen langvarige skrivninger osv.), kan den muligvis udføre en yndefuld master switch, så længe proxyen understøtter dette. Desværre kan ingen af de proxyer, der kan implementeres af ClusterControl, håndtere en yndefuld overgang. Tidligere havde ProxySQL denne mulighed, derfor besluttede vi at undersøge nærmere og kom i kontakt med ProxySQL-skaberen, René Cannaò. Under undersøgelsen identificerede vi en regression, som skulle rettes i den næste udgivelse af ProxySQL. I mellemtiden, for at vise, hvordan ProxySQL burde opføre sig, brugte vi ProxySQL patched med en lille løsning, som vi kompilerede fra kilden.
[ 16s ] thds: 4 tps: 39.01 qps: 711.11 (r/w/o: 555.09/156.02/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 173.58 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 17s ] thds: 4 tps: 49.00 qps: 879.06 (r/w/o: 678.05/201.01/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 102.97 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 18s ] thds: 4 tps: 42.86 qps: 768.57 (r/w/o: 603.09/165.48/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 176.73 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 19s ] thds: 4 tps: 28.07 qps: 521.26 (r/w/o: 406.98/114.28/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 235.74 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 20s ] thds: 4 tps: 0.00 qps: 0.00 (r/w/o: 0.00/0.00/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 0.00 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 21s ] thds: 4 tps: 0.00 qps: 0.00 (r/w/o: 0.00/0.00/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 0.00 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 22s ] thds: 4 tps: 0.00 qps: 0.00 (r/w/o: 0.00/0.00/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 0.00 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 23s ] thds: 4 tps: 13.98 qps: 249.59 (r/w/o: 193.68/55.91/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 4055.23 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 24s ] thds: 4 tps: 81.06 qps: 1449.01 (r/w/o: 1123.79/325.23/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 62.19 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 25s ] thds: 4 tps: 52.02 qps: 923.42 (r/w/o: 715.32/208.09/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 390.30 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 26s ] thds: 4 tps: 59.00 qps: 1082.94 (r/w/o: 844.96/237.99/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 164.45 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00
[ 27s ] thds: 4 tps: 50.99 qps: 900.75 (r/w/o: 700.81/199.95/0.00) lat (ms,95%): 130.13 err/s: 0.00 reconn/s: 0.00Som du kan se, udføres ingen forespørgsler i 4 sekunder, men der returneres ingen fejl til applikationen, og efter denne pause begynder trafikken at flyde igen.
For at opsummere har vi vist, at ClusterControl, når det bruges sammen med ProxySQL eller MaxScale eller HAProxy, kan udføre en failover med en nedetid på 10 - 15 sekunder. Med hensyn til et planlagt hovedskifte kan ingen af fuldmægtige i skrivende stund håndtere proceduren uden fejl. Det forventes dog, at den næste ProxySQL-version vil tillade en overgang på et par sekunder, uden at der dukker nogen fejl op i applikationen.